From Lucy to language

pt. 1. Central issues of paleoanthropology

What is a human?

1. The human creature

2. The quest for origins

3. Is human evolution different?

Evidence

4. The science of paleoanthropology

5. The early human fossil record

6. Discovering early human fossil sites

7. Recovering the remains of early humans

8. Dating fossils and artifacts

9. Climate and human evolution

10. Teeth

11. Proteins, DNA, and human evolution

12. Why is paleoanthropology so contentious?

Ancestors

13. Our closest living relatives

14. The last common ancestor of apes and humans

15. Drawing the human family tree

Lineages

16. African genesis

17. Early vs. modern humans

18. Eve and Adam

19. The earliest fossil evidence of anatomically modern humans

Migration

20. Out of Africa

21. The first Americans

22. Peopling the globe

Diversity

23. Defining human species

24. Co-existing human species

25. Human diversity today

26. What is race?

Anatomy

27. The size of early humans

28. Sexual dimorphism

29. Gestation

30. Maturation

31. Evolution of the human brain

32. Reconstructing the appearance of early humans

Society

33. Primate societies and early human social behavior

Bipedalism

34. Evidence for bipedalism

35. The origins of bipedalism

Tools

36. The oldest stone tools

Customs

37. Hunters, gatherers, or scavengers?

38. Diet

39. Cannibalism

40. Fire

41. Shelter

42. Clothing

Culture

43. Burial

44. Art

45. The origins of language

Imponderables

46. The problem of consciousness

47. Will humans become extinct?

48. Place of humans in nature

pt. 2. Encountering the evidence

Pre-Australopithecines

Sabelanthropus tchadensis, TM 266-01-060-01, cranium

Orrorin tugenensis, BAR 1000'00, mandible

Ardipithecus ramidus, ARA-VP-6/129, partial juvenile mandible

Kenyanthropus platyops, KNM-WT 40000, cranium

Australopithecines

Australopithecines anamensis, KNM-KP 29281, adult mandible

Australopithecines garhi, BOU-VP-12/130, cranium

Australopithecines afarensis, A.L. 288-1, Lucy, partial adult skeleton

Australopithecines afarensis, A.L. 333, the first family, fragments of seventeen individuals

Australopithecines afarensis, A.L. 444-2, adult cranium

Australopithecines afarensis, A.L. 129-1a+1b, adult female knee joint

Australopithecines afarensis, L.H. 4, adult mandible/fossil hominid footprints

Australopithecines cf. africanus, StW 573, skeleton

Australopithecines africanus, Sts 5, Mrs. Ples, adult cranium

Australopithecines africanus, Sts 14, partial adult skeleton

Australopithecines africanus, Sts 71 and Sts 36, adult cranium with mandible

Australopithecines africanus, Taung child, immature skill

Australopithecines robustus, TM 1517, mandible

Australopithecines sp., Stw 252, adult cranium

Australopithecines crassidens, SK 6, adolescent mandible/SK 48, adult cranium/SK 79, adult cranium

Australopithecines aethiopicus, KNM-WT 17000, black skull, adult cranium

Australopithecines boisei, OH 5, Nutcracker man, Zinj, adult cranium

Australopithecines boisei, KNM-ER 406, adult male cranium/KNM-ER 732, adult female cranium

Homo

Homo sp., A.L. 666-1, adult maxilla

Homo habilis, OH 7, juvenile male mandible

Homo habilis, OH 24, adult female cranium

Homo habilis, KNM-ER 1813, adult cranium

Homo habilis, OH 62, Lucy's child, partial adult skeleton

Homo rudolfensis, KNM-ER 1470, adult cranium

Homo georgicus, D 2600, adult mandible

Homo ergaster, KNM-ER 3733, adult cranium

Homo ergaster, KNM-WT 15000, juvenile male skeleton

Homo ergaster, SK 847, partial adult cranium

Homo erectus, Trinil 2, Java man, partial adult cranium

Homo erectus, Peking man, adult skull reconstruction

Homo erectus, Sangiran 17, adult male cranium

Homo heidelbergensis, Bodo cranium, adult cranium

Homo heidelbergensis, Mauer 1, adult mandible

Homo heidelbergensis, Arago XXI, adult cranium

Homo heidelbergensis, Petralona 1, adult cranium

Homo heidelbergensis, Steinheim, adult female cranium

Homo heidelbergensis, Atapuerca 5, adult skull

Homo heidelbergensis, Broken Hill 1, adult cranium

Homo neanderthalensis, Krapina C, adult female cranium

Homo neanderthalensis, Saccopastore I, adult female cranium

Homo neanderthalensis, Teshik-Tash, juvenile skull

Homo neanderthalensis, Kebara 2, adult male skeleton

Homo neanderthalensis, Amud 1, adult male skull

Homo neanderthalensis, Amud 7, partial infant skeleton

Homo neanderthalensis, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, adult male skull

Homo neanderthalensis, Ferrassie 1, adult male cranium

Homo neanderthalensis, Neandertal 1, adult calotte

Homo neanderthalensis, Gibraltar 1, adult female cranium

Homo neanderthalensis, Saint-Césaire, partial adult cranium

Homo floresiensis, LB 1, partial skeleton

Homo sapiens, Dali, adult male cranium

Homo sapiens, Omo I and Omo II, partial adult skeleton and cranium

Homo sapiens, Qafzeh IX, adult female skeleton

Homo sapiens, Skhul V, adult male skeleton

Homo sapiens, Cro-Magnon I, adult male skeleton

Homo sapiens, Kow Swamp 1, adult male skeleton

Paleolithic technology

Oldowan tools

Acheulean tools

Mousterian tools

Upper paleolithic tools

Appendix 1 : Type specimens for hominid species

Appendix 2 : Hominid fossil and archeological sites

Acknowledgments

Selected references

Index.