Biohydrogen: for future engine fuel demands

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction

1.1.1. Global Energy Sources and the Present Energy Situation

1.2. Conventional Fossil Fuel Sources

1.2.1. Petroleum and Heavy Oil Refining

1.2.2. Petroleum Products and Fuels

1.2.3. Coal

1.3. Unconventional Fossil Fuel Sources

1.3.1. Natural Gas

1.3.2. Oil Shale (Shale Oil)

1.3.3. Tar Sand Bitumen

1.4. Renewable Energy Sources

1.4.1. Biomass

1.4.2. Hydropower

1.4.3. Geothermal

1.4.4. Wind

1.4.5. Solar

1.4.6. Other Renewable Energy Sources

1.5. Nuclear Fuel Sources

Summary

References

2. Fuels from Biomass

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Biomass Feedstocks

2.3. The Chemistry of Biomass

2.4. Production of Fuels from Wood Sources

2.5. Production of Fuels from Crops

2.5.1. Fuels from Cereal Crops

2.5.2. Fuels from Non-Cereal Crops

2.5.3. Fuels from Energy Crops

Summary

References

3. Biofuels

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Bioethanol

3.3. Other Bioalcohols

3.4. Biorefinery

3.5. Biodiesel

3.6. Biogas

3.7. Landfill Gas

3.8. Fischer-Tropsch Liquids from Biorenewable Feedstocks

Summary

References

4. Transportation Fuels

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas

4.3. Compressed Natural Gas

4.4. Hydrogen

4.5. Electricity

4.6. Solar

4.7. Biorenewable Liquid Fuels

Summary

References

5. Hydrogen

5.1. Introduction

5.2. History

5.3. Properties of Hydrogen

5.4. Fuel Properties of Hydrogen

5.5. Hydrogen Production Processes

5.5.1. Hydrogen from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming

5.5.2. Hydrogen Production from Hydrocarbons

5.5.3. Hydrogen from Coal

5.5.4. Hydrogen from Water

5.5.5. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

5.5.6. Solar-Powered Hydrogen Generation

5.5.7. Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide

5.6. Storage of Hydrogen

5.6.1. Hydrogen Storage with Metal Hydrides

5.6.2. Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption with Oxygen-Contaminated Boron Film

5.6.3. Hydrogen Storage with Carbon Structures

5.7. Hydrogen Storage Materials

5.7.1. Boron Hydrides as Metal Hydrides

5.7.2. Hydrogen in Mechanically Milled Amorphous Boron

5.7.3. Boron Complex Hydrides

5.8. Hydrogen Fuel for Internal Combustion Engine

5.8.1. Advantages of Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel

5.8.2. Disadvantages of Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel

5.9. Liquefaction and Compression of Hydrogen

5.9.1. Nanocatalytic Liquefaction of Hydrogen

Summary

References

6. Biohydrogen

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Definition

6.3. History

6.4. Hydrogen from Biorenewables via Biological Processes

6.4.1. Hydrogen Production via Microbial Fermentation of Biomass

6.4.2. Anaerobic Hydrogen Production

6.4.3. Biophotolytic Hydrogen Production

6.4.4. Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production

6.5. Hydrogen from Biorenewables via Thermochemical Processes

6.5.1. Potential of Renewable Hydrogen Production

6.5.2. Production of Hydrogen from Biomass via Pyrolysis

6.5.3. Production of Hydrogen from Biomass via Gasification

6.5.4. Hydrogen from Biomass via Non-Conventional Processes

6.5.5. Hydrogen from Biomass Gasification by Steam Reforming

6.5.6. Hydrogen from Biomass via Air-Steam Gasification

6.5.7. Hydrogen from Biomass by Supercritical Water Gasification

6.5.8. Hydrogen-rich Gas from Shells via Supercritical Water Extraction

6.5.9. Production of Hydrogen from Mosses and Algae via Pyrolysis and Steam Gasification

Summary

References

7. Fuel Cells

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. History of Fuel Cells

7.2. Fundamentals of a Fuel Cell

7.3. Different Types of Fuel Cells

7.3.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)

7.3.2. Direct Use of Methanol in Fuel Cells

7.3.3. Characteristics of Main Types of Fuel Cells

7.4. Catalysts Used in Fuel Cells

7.5. Use of Alternative Fuel in Fuel Cells

7.5.1. Biodiesel-Fueled Cells

7.6. Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Supercapacitors

Summary

References

8. The Hydrogen Economy

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Cost of Hydrogen

Summary

References

9. Hydrogen Policy

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Political, Environmental, and Economical Impacts of Hydrogen

9.3. Global Biofuel Projections

Summary

References

10. Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen

Summary

References

Index