1923: the crisis of German democracy in the year of Hitler's putsch

German political parties in 1923

Maps

Introduction: Germany 1923- the democracy that did not die

part I: 1922 and the coming of the crisis year. German democracy fights back

The future of French power

The fascist moment

part II: Winter and spring 1923. The invasion of the Ruhr

Hitler's first victory

The escalation of violence

Active resistance

The Occupiers' revenge

Hitler's first defeat

part III: Summer 1923. The year of the zeros

Waiting for Allies

part IV: Autumn and winter 1923. Separatism and the future of the Rhineland

"Soviet Saxony" and the Communist threat

The Hitler putsch

Taking it out on the Jews

De-escalation and the triumph of reason

Epilogue: 1933 and after.