1 Who is Bilingual in Britain? 1
Britain's Linguistic and Cultural Heritage 2
Geography and History of the Panjab Region 3
Linguistic Composition of the Panjab 4
Historic Development of Urdu 6
Describing and Defining Urdu 7
Patterns of Migration and Settlement in Britain 8
Mirpuri Community in Pakistan and Cleveland 12
Education Provision within the Biradari 19
Attitudes to Language Learning within the Mirpuri Community 20
2 Development of Education for Bilingual Children in Britain 22
Assimilationist Approach 22
Pluralist Approach of Multicultural Education 25
Anti-racist Education Movement 28
Current Policy in Britain 33
English in the National Curriculum 34
Future Policy for Bilingual Pupils in Britain 35
Bilingual Children in Pre-school 37
3 Theoretical Frameworks: Influences and Inspirations 39
Language as Socio-semiotic 42
Critics of Systemic Linguistics 48
Other Descriptions of Child Language Development 48
A Social Construct of Bilingualism 50
4 Box Hill Nursery Project 55
Rationale for the Study 55
Importance of the Nursery School in a Young Child's Life 59
A Discussion of Research Methods 60
A Quantitative Paradigm for the Study of Communicative Competence 69
A Suggested Framework for Ethnolinguistic Descriptive Analysis 69
Box Hill Nursery Project 72
Levels of Data Analysis 85
Introduction to Level 1 of Data Analysis 85
Previous Observational Studies of Classrooms 86
Contextual Observations 88
Graphs of Time-on-task during the First Hour in Box Hill Nursery School 90
Graphs Comparing First-day and End-of-term Observations 95
Comparison between First-day and End-of-term Activities 98
Observations and Comments on the Data Analysis 99
6 Children Creating Social Contexts 102
Introduction to Level 2 of the Data Analysis 102
Ethnography of Communication
Social Context of Language Development 104
Previous Studies of the Structure of Classrooms 105
Space and Place in the Nursery Setting 106
Box Hill Nursery Setting 107
Four Types of Pupil Behaviour during the First Term in the Nursery 110
Changes in Behaviour during the First Term in the Nursery 126
7 Social Networks and the Process of Enculturation 130
Introduction to Level 3 of Data Analysis 130
Concept of Social Network Analysis as a Research Method 130
Analysis of the Social Networks in Box Hill Nursery 134
Characteristic Features of Friendship Networks 151
Contextualising Social Network Analysis 153
8 Children's Language Choice: English Utterances 156
Introduction to Level 4 of the Data Analysis 156
Transcribing the Discourse Data 157
Coding the Transcripts 157
Children's Use of English on their First Day in Box Hill Nursery 163
Children's Utterances during their First Hour in the Nursery 173
9 Codeswitching as a Feature of Bilingual Children's Language 177
Introduction to Level 5 of the Data Analysis 177
Codeswitching as a Feature of Bilingual Interactions 177
Language and Ethnic Identity 190
Situational Codeswitching 194
Factors Influencing Language Choice 195
10 Linguistic Biographies 199
Language and Ethnic Identity 205
Language and Ethnicity: A Network of Ecological Relations 205
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory 206
Defining Linguistic Biographies 211
Linking Bronfenbrenner's EST to Other Theoretical Frameworks 214.
